Transitional Justice and North Korea: The Question of Amnesty for North Korean Officials

Authors

  • John Petrushka George Washington University Author

Keywords:

North Korea, International Law, Transitional Justice

Abstract

Within the past few decades, scholars, analysts and politicians alike have speculated, on multiple occasions, that collapse of the reclusive Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK, or North Korea) was imminent. While they were mistaken each time, the DPRK remains weak and reunification under the present South Korean government is a possibility. Such reunification would raise many issues, including the fate of present DPRK leaders. In the interest of successful democratic transition, how should South Korea and the international community approach the question of amnesty for North Korean officials? This essay examines the question of transitional justice in North Korea within the context of case studies of past transitions in societies with pre-transitional characteristics similar to North Korea, taking into account current political and social realities in North Korea.

References

Ambrocio, Sarah Benavides. “Time and Politics: Transitional Justice in Hungary and Spain.” Masters Thesis, Central European University, 2011. Accessed June 22, 2012, http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2011/benavides_sara.pdf.

Blumenthal, Ralph. "Upheaval In The East: Obituary; The Ceausescus: 24 Years of Fierce Repression, Isolation and Independence." New York Times (New York, NY), December 26, 1989: http://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/26/obituaries/upheaval-east-obituary- ceausescus-24-years-fierce-repression-isolation.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm.

Cho, Kuk. "Transitional Justice in Korea: Coping with Past Wrongs after Democratization." Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal 16, no. 3 (2007): 580-611. http://digital.law.washington.edu/dspace-law/bitstream/handle/1773.1/582/ 16PacRimLPolyJ579.pdf?sequence=1.

Cumings, Bruce. Korea's Place In The Sun. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997.

Darehshori, Sara and Evenson, Elizabeth. “Peace, Justice and the International Criminal Court.” Research Article 1, Oxford Transitional Justice Research, March 19, 2010. Accessed August 13, 2012. http://www.csls.ox.ac.uk/documents/DarehshoriandEvenson2010.pdf.

Mure Dickie, “Chef Offers New Tidbit on North Korean Leader,” Financial Times (London), December 7, 2012, Accessed December 10, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/ world/ asia_pacific/chef-offers-new-tidbit-on-n-korean-leader/2012/12/06/77040f42-3fce-11e2-a2d9-822f58ac9fd5_story.html.

“Germany.” Human Rights Watch. Accessed July 20, 2012, http://www.hrw.org/europecentral-asia/germany.

Grodsky, Brian K. The Costs of Justice: How New Leaders Respond to Previous Rights Abuses. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2010.

Hayner, Priscilla. Unspeakable Truths. New York: Routledge, 2001. Heiken, N.C. Kimjongilia. Documentary. (2009).

Hoare, J.E. And Pares, Susan. North Korea in the 21st Century: An Interpretive Guide. Kent: Global Oriental Limited, 2005.

Hoven, Elisa, comp. "The Khmer Rouge Tribunal--Cambodia's Search for Justice." CSEAS Speaker Series. University of Hawaii (2010), http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/ handle/10125/15288.

Jia, Bing Bing. “China and the International Criminal Court: Current Situation.” 2006 Singapore Yearbook of

International Law and Contributors (2006). Accessed August 13, 2012, http://law.nus.edu.sg/sybil/downloads/current/Jia_SYBIL_2006.pdf.

Kang, Man-gil. A History of Contemporary Korea. Trans. John B. Duncan. Kent: Global Oriental Ltd., 2005.

Keenan, Barry, Denison University, interview by John Petrushka, June 7, 2012.

Kim, Byung-Kook, Vogel, Ezra F., eds. The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011.

Kim, Mikyoung. Securitization of Human Rights: North Korean Refugees in East Asia. Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2012.

Kiraly, Bela K. Basic History of Modern Hungary, 1867-1999. Malabar: Kireger Publishing Company, 2001.

Klein, Ezra. "The Dark Legacy of North Korea's Ruling Elite." Japan Times (Tokyo), December 22, 2011: http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/eo20111222a3.html.

Lee, Jean H., Kim, Sam and Klug, Foster. “North Korea Rally: Tens of Thousands Pledge Loyalty to Kim Jong Un.” Huffington Post, January 3, 2012. Accessed August 13, 2012: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/03/north-korea-rally-kim-jong- un_n_1181595.html.

Lerner, Mitchell, Ohio State University, interview by John Petrushka, July 4, 2012.

Mahoney, William M. The History of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Santa Barbara: Greenwood, 2011. Print.

Mainwaring, Scott. “Transitions to Democracy and Democratic Consolidation: Theoretical and Comparative Issues.” Working Paper #130, Kellogg Institute for International Studies, November 1989. Accessed August 4, 2012. http://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/ workingpapers/WPS/130.pdf.

Martin, Bradley K. Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2006.

Nahm, Andrew C. Korea: Tradition & Transformation. Elizabeth: Hollym International Corp, 1988.

Nedelsky, Nadya. "Divergent Responses to a Common past: Transitional Justice in the Czech Republic and Slovakia." Theory and Society 33, no. 1 (2004): 65-115. http://moduly.outly.cz/posycze1/transitional justice.PDF.

"North Korea." Human Rights Watch. Accessed July 8, 2012, http://www.hrw.org/nkorea.

“North Korea Defies Warnings in Rocket Launch Success.” BBC News (London), December 12, 2012, Accessed December 18, 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20690338.

“Overview of the United States Opposition to the International Criminal Court.” ICC Now, Accessed August 13, 2012, http://www.iccnow.org/documents/CICCFS_US_Opposition_ to_ICC_11Dec06 _final.pdf.

“Philippines.” Human Rights Watch. Accessed July 8, 2012, http://www.hrw.org/asia/-philippines.

Podeler, Guy. Monuments, Memory, and Identity: Constructing the Colonial Past in South Korea.

Bern: Peter Lang, 2011.

Purba, Kornelius. “China's Flagging Economic Aid to North Korea.” Jakarta Post (Jakarta),August 24, 2012, Accessed December 18, 2012, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/08/24/china-s-flagging-economic-aid-north-korea.html.

“Romania.” Human Rights Watch. Accessed July 8, 2012, http://www.hrw.org/europecentral-asia/romania.

“Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.” United Nations (1998). Accessed August 13, 2012, http://untreaty.un.org/cod/icc/statute/romefra.htm.

“Seoul, Pyongyang Urged To Reduce Tension Through Dialogue.” North Korea Newsletter, no. 208 (2012): http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2012/05/03/91/0401000000AEN20120503000700325F.HTML.

"Stasi Museum." Stasi Museum. Accessed July 8, 2012. http://www.stasimuseum.de/en/enindex.htm.

Takemae, Eiji. Inside GHQ: The Allied Occupation of Japan and its Legacy. Trans. Robert Ricketts. New York: Continuum, 2002.

Thompson, Mark R. The anti-Marcos Struggle. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.

Ursachi, Raluca, and Raluca Grosescu. "Transitional Criminal Justice in Post-Communist Romania." Presentation at the Crimes of the Communist Regimes conference, Prague, February 24-26, 2010. http://www.ustrcr.cz/data/pdf/konference/zlociny-komunismu/

Raluca_Grosescu.pdf

"World Report 2012: North Korea." Human Rights Watch. Accessed April 21, 2012. http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-north-korea.

Zielonka, Jan and Pravda, Alex, ed. Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe, Volumes I and II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Downloads

Published

2013-08-23

Issue

Section

Articles